Ludwig van Beethoven (Wikimedia Commons)
Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven is my favorite composer. He was an extremely important figure in the transition of music classical to romantic. The Ninth symphony is one of the most beautiful and powerful pieces of music ever written. He identified with the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment.
Age of Enlightenment
Also known as the Age of Reason from 1715 to 1789. This was when absolute monarchy and the power of the church declined. The main ideas of this time were liberty, progress, constitutional government, and the separation of church and state.
Science in the Age of Enlightenment
This is when the first encyclopedias and dictionaries appeared. The number of universities increased. Science was introduced to the masses through public lectures and coffeehouses. Reflecting telescopes lead to the discovery of planets.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Latin for Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, written by Sir Isaac Newton. It is a collection of three books. Sometimes it is shortened to Principia. It includes important concepts such as Newton's laws of motion and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
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